6 : -. ( -.. :. : (- -... : ( - -.. (-.. ( -... : ( - - ().... -. ( -... ( -...... : ( -....
7 ( - 0/ mm... : (- -...... : ( - -..... :. ) :.(.. ( ) :. ( ) -. ( m kg m) : m ρ =. kg / m : SI. ρ. g / cm. : g / cm = 00kg / m kg / m = g / cm 00. atm 0 : 7 / 8g / cm 78g 0/ 8g / cm : 8 ( 7/8 ( ( 78 (. : m m = = ρ ρ m 78 78 0/ 8 = m = = 8 m = 8g 0 / 8 7 / 8 7 / 8
8 R R. ρ = 9ρ ( ρ = ρ ( ρ ρ : ρ = ρ ( ρ = ρ ( ( h h) : m ρ m= m ρ π ρ ρ h h= h ρ R R = = = = = = = ρ = 9ρ ρ m ρ h ρ ρ πr ρ ( R) 9 0g. g / cm cm : ( ( 0 ( ( :. 0g () : m m 0 ρ = = = = 0cm ρ = a = = cm :. 0cm cm : = = 0 = 7 = 7cm :.. ρ ρ : 8 ρ ρ ( ( ρ ( ρ ( 8 : : m + m ρ + ρ ρ = = + + ρ + ρ ρ + ρ ρ 8 ρ = 8 8 = = = ρ ρ = ρ + -. P F P = :. (Pa) N / m. N / m m () N (F) SI N / m = Pa ( -..
9. : : = = 0/ 00m F = mg = = 0N P = F 0 = = Pa 0/ 00 ( -. M : ( - -. h M ρ M h. M F P = F mg = ρg = ρhg : M. M F mg ρhg P = = = = ρgh P = ρgh. h :. : P = PB = P h. B.. :6 ( ρ = 900kg / m و g = N / kg) ( 90000 ( 000 ( 90 ( P = ρgh = 900 = 90000pa P = 90kpa. :.. * P 0.. Pa. m. pa. 00kg / m :7 ( g = N / kg ) P m 8 ( ( 6 ( (
0. :.. P = ρgh + P = 00 + = 700000+ P = 8 P = 7 + = 8 Pa 76cm P0 P 0 B *.... 76 : (. ) B : B ( ρ Hg =600kg / m ) P = PB P = P PB = P P P gh / / / = = ρ = 600 9 8 0 76 0 Pa. 76 cm. atm) ). atm = 76 cmhg _ ~ / 0 Pa : ρh = ρh (g = N/kg) 0 :8 ( ( ( (. P.() : P = P + ρgh = + 00 0= + = P = Pa P = Pa = atm : atm. atm pa : atm = Pa = 76cmHg = 760mmHg :9 m ( / g / cm, / g / cm ρ ρ = ρ =, g = N / kg) ρ 8 m :. : :. P = ρgh + ρgh + : ( ρ kg / m, kg / m = 00 ρ = 0 ) P = 00 + 0 8 = 0000 + 08000 = 78000Pa : 78000 cmhg = 60Pa P = 78000Pa = = 0 P = 0 cmhg 60
. : ( - -. 60 0 cm. 0 : (g =N/kg) ( (. ( ( (. ) : : P = ρgh F = ρgh P = ρgh F = ρgh 0m 80m F ρ F gh = = F 80 h = = = = 0m F ρgh F h 0 F 60m h h 0m. ( ) :. : ( ) ( (. ( (. () : ()... h ρ. :. () *. () *. () * cm : ( g = N / kg P = 76cmHg) 76 :. 60.... : P = 76 cmhg 60cmHg = 6cmHg :. Pa P = 6 cmhg = 6 60= 760 P = 760Pa F = P = 760 ~ / 7 F ~ / 7N
: U ( - -. ρ ρ.... B. () ( ) P = P B : ( ) B. - () : P = ρgh + P0 P B = ρgh + P P = PB ρgh + P0 = ρgh + P0 ρ h = ρh = ρh ρ h. ρ ρ U : ρ > ρ ( ρ ρ ρ ( ρ ρ ( ρ ρ > ρ ( :..() : P = P B ρh = ρh h ρ B h ρ ρ < ρ h > h U :.. U ρ ρ = 00kg / m = 00kg / m : 6 ( 9 ( 6 ( (. () : ρh = ρh h = h h = 6cm h = h 6 h ( ρ / g / cm, / g / cm = ρ = ) h ρ h ρh = ρh ρh = ρ(h 6) ρh = ρh 6ρ ρh ρh = 6ρ h( ρ ρ) = 6ρ ρ 6ρ 6 / h = h = = 9 cm ρ ρ / / : - ( - - «.» :..
() P () F F. :... F. F F. F F = : 0. : ( / ( 0/ ( 0/ ( : : F F F = = F. = h h = h = h πd d = = ( ) d d h 0 = ( ) = ( ) = h = 0/ cm d h h. ( -.... :.. ρgh.. h ρ.... 76cmHg. 0 :6 0 ( ( ρ kg =/ 6 ) m 000 ( h ( P = ρg h = / 6 0 = 000Pa h 70 ( :
. : - ( - - U.. P = P B. B. P g : B P = Pg Pg = P + ρgh PB = ρgh + P (. h) : = P g P = ρgh : «.» / 7g / cm :7 76 g = N / kg).( ρ 600kg / m Hg = ρ = / 7g / cm = 700kg / m, h = cm = 0/ m P g = P + ρgh = 0 / 76 600 + 700 0/ P g = 060Pa : ( g = N / kg P 0 = Pa) :8 6 ( ( 8 ( ( : : P g = P ρgh P g = P ρgh = 000 = P g = 6 Pa
( P0 = 7cmHg) :9 70cm P P g B P P = P B Pg + ρgh = PB = P Pg = P ρgh P g = 7cmHg 70cmHg = cmhg P g = cmhg :
6 :6 -.. : ( -.. :.. : ( -. ( ). : : : ( - -..() :. ( Pa) : ( ) - 0. ( ) 0 () ( ). 0 : :.( ) -.( ) atm Pa - -. (SI) :() -... K 7 ( ) : (K) = θ( ) + 7 :. (K) ( = = ( θ + 7) ( θ + 7) = θ ) : ( - - :. :() - ( )... ). (... : : ( ) ( ) 7 9 78
7. : () -. -.». «.». «.. - «.». Q (J) SI.. ( ) ( ) :.. - ) «()».. ( : ( - :. :(m) - : - : (c) «. ( )» Q = mc θ = mc J. kg. 0 J kgk J. ( ) SI (c) kgk 00 : (c = 0J / kg ) : Q = mc( θ θ) = 0/ 0( 0 ) = 8 ( 0) = 800J :. Q θ :. θ > 0 Q > 0.. θ < 0 Q < 0.. kg W : c kgk ) l = 900J / (. 8 ( 8 ( 0 ( 9 ( : Q P = Q = Pt = 0J t Q 0 Q = mc θ θ = = mc 900 6 = 0 = 0 θ = θ 0 0 θ = θ θ = = θ + 7 = 0+ 7 = 0K
8. B : c > c B θ B ( θ B ( θ B ( θ B ( Q Q Q Q mc θ = Q θ. Q Q = mc θ : mc :. θ = mc θ 0 ( ) B c > c B Q. - ( - -... (Q) : ( Q ) (Q) = ( Q ) Q = Q Q >0 Q <0 : «.» : Q + Q =0. : : n Qi = Q + Q +... + Qn = 0 i=. 00g 90 00g : ( c = 00J / kg c = 00J / kg ) m = 00g = 0/ kg m = 00g = 0/ kg θ = 90 θ = c = 00J / kg c = 00J / kg Q = 0 Q + Q = 0 mc ( θe θ) + mc( θe θ) = 0 0 / 00( θe 90) + 0/ 00( θe ) = 0 00 00θe 8000+ 0θe 00 = 0 θe = θe = ~ 9 / 6 00 :
9 ) : ( θ e ) ( n miciθi m θ + θ + θ + θ = c mc mc... = i= e m c + m c + m c +... n mici i= : :() n miθi θ = i= e n mi i= :() : n θi θ i= e = n. ( ) θ i ( - - :. = mc J J.. J / K SI m c K :. > θ < θ Q = Q. 0 00J / kg / :. 00 00J / kg 0/ kg SI 80 000J/ ( 000J / kg ( 00J / ( 00J / kg (. : m = / kg m =? m = 0/ kg θ = 0 θ = 0 θ = 00 c = 00J / kg c =? c = 00J / kg θ e = 80 Q + Q + Q = 0 mc ( θe θ) + mc( θe θ) + mc ( θe θ ) = 0 / 00( 80 0) + m c( 80 0) + 0/ 00( 80 00) = 0 0000+ 0m c 60000 0 0m c 0000 m c 00J/ = = = m c J/ = = 00
0 ( -.... :. =0 (. 0 (. ( ) : () ( - -... ( ) : ( ) kg : ( LF) J. ( kg ) SI. ( ) : ( QF). : Q F = ml F... :. :. 8.. :. ( ) :.. Q = ml F.... :6. ( (. (. (. : θ θ :.
80 θ( ) 00 :7... 0 0 00 0 t(s) : 00s : Q mc θ c( 80 0) c = 00J / kg P = P = 00 = t t 00 80 00s :. 80 0s 00s. Q L / = t ml = F L P P 00 = F F = 7 J / kg t t 70 : θ m m 0 : Q = Q = mc( θ 0) = mcθ. Q Q = Q = m L F. Q : ( θ e ) : Q > Q - : mc ( θ e θ) + m LF + m c ( θe 0 ) = 0. : Q = Q - : Q < Q - :. mc θ = m L F :. m = m m ( - ) = m + m ( + ) ).... 0 00g 0 :8 ( L / J / kg c = 00J / kg F =. (. (. (. ( : mc ( θ e θ) + m LF + m c ( θe 0 ) =0 mc 0 00 0 0 0 θ m LF ( / ) ( / / ) 6800 7000 θe = = = < 0 (m + m )c ( 0/ + 0/ 0) 00 0. θ e <0 :.()
mcθ 6800 m = = ~ 0/ 0kg LF / m = 0g. 00. :9 / kj / kg 6kJ / kg 8800 ( 706 ( 670 ( 880 (. : : θ ( ) = m c + m c : Q Q 0 0 Q : Q = 0 Q + Q + Q = 0 m LF + m c θ = θ J/ 0/ 6 + 0/ / = ( ) = 8 / 8kJ/ = 880 (-- ( ).. ( ) kg : ( L) J. ( kg ) SI. ( ) : ( Q). : Q Q F Q = ml. :. -. ( ) -... -.. - : - Q = ml v
θ θ ) 0 0 θ( ) θ 0 0 Q () () () Q = Q F Q Q 0 ( 0 0 () 0 ( Q Q + Q + Q = 0 ml v + mc θ + mc θ = 0 m 68 + m / ( 0 0) + 90 / ( 0 ) = 0 90 / 0 m = m = 0g 68 + () Q = Q Q Q Q(J) «-» 90g 0 : θ : (. / J / g 68J / g 0 ( ( : : ( Lv = 68 kj / kg, Lf = 6kJ / kg,c = 00J / kg) 6 ( ( 0 : 0 ( g : ( : g : Q = ml + mc θ = 68000+ 00 0 = 7J 00 00 0 0 : : ( ) 0 0 Q 7 Q = ml m = F = = 0/ 0 m = g LF 6000 (--. ( ).. :. : (. : (. : (. : (
. : (.. : :. (. ( -. ( )...... (- ( L) : (-- ( θ) ( ) - ( L ) -.. :. α. α ( ) K m : L = Lα. ( ) K SI (α) L = L L = αl L = L( + α ). L = L( + α θ) L L α - : :. = L α L ) 0/ : L θ 000 ( 00 ( 00 ( ( 6 / 0 ( :. ( L ) 0/ L 0/ : 0/ = α θ = 00 L 6 L L θ θ = θ = 00 0. 0 cm 0cm. 8 ( / K : 0k 0/8 ( 6 ( 0/6 (
θ.... : : θ P P = α P θ P = P ( + α θ) P = 0 0= 0/ cm = mm : (--. «.».. / / k SI. α ( ) K () : = ( α) : ( ) = ( + α ). α. 00 : SI ( ( ( / ( : = : 0 = α θ = α α = = 00 0/ α = / 0 : ( - - = β = ( + β ) β ~ α cm : / cm 0 : ( α = / ) ( ( ( ( : = ( ) = 00 cm = 00 θ θ = θ = θ θ θ = + θ 0 = ( -.....
6 () : ( - - : β». (/ K) SI : = β. 00 00cm :6 ( β / 8 / = α = / ) : : β = β α = / 8 = / / = β θ = 00 / 00 0 6 8 = 0cm θ( ) : ( - -. 0... 0.. -6 ( ) :.. : ( -6.... ().. (). : ( - -6 :. :(L) -
7. ( ) : ( θ, ) -. :() - : ( - -6 ) : ( ) H Q t (. L θ H t θ Q K θ Q = k H = H = L t L. J / s m k W / m k SI k. 6 :7 ( K = 00J /s m K) 0 600 ( 0 ( 70 ( 60 (. L min max : 6 0 H max = 00 H max = 70J / s. :8 ( ( 0/ ( 0/ ( : : L = L = L = = L H = L = H = 0/ H H L :( ) ( -6..... ( ) : ( -6.... 8 m /s -.. -... -7 P. ( ) (P) () (). P P = P.. :.
8. :. Pa atm P P..» «.. 0 :9 6 ( 60 ( 0 ( 6 ( P = P + P = P + 0/ P = / P : = + = + ( 0/ ) = 0/ 8 P P P / P = = = 0/ 6 0/ 8 0/ 6 0 = 0 = 0/ 6 0 = 6% ( -7 :. :( - ) ( - -7 P = P = P = P : P,, P P P. 70 :0 ( ρ = 00kg / m Pa g = N / kg) ( ( ( (. ( P 0 ) P0 + ρgh h : P = P (P0 + ρgh) = P0 ( + 00 70) = = 8 πr = 8( πr ) r = 8r r = r : : : ( - -7 P = = P P : P,, P P : :( - ) P = P = P ( - -7 : P,, P P
9.7 : 0 ( + = + = = 7 ( 900 ( 7 ( θ =0 = = = 00K = = 00 00 = 0K 00. : ( -7 : m m ρ ρ ρ P ρ = = = = ρ m m ρ ρ P = m 0 : ( ( ( ( P = P + 0/ P = / P = 0/ = 0/ 9 : ρ P ρ / ρ ρ = = = = = 0 = % ρ P 0/ 9 ρ ρ. ).. 6 0 : P = P P P k = + : (. : = P = P + P 6 0= 0+ = 60Lit ( 0Lit) 60